Macron told French broadcaster BFMTV before the launch: “We will not give in to anti-Semitism anywhere, and violence, including in the French Republic, will never prevail, nor will intimidation prevail.”

However, the Uefa Nations League match was half-empty and reporters on the ground did not describe any apparent trouble from pro-Palestinian protesters outside the pitch.

About 600 Israeli fans were transported to the stadium in chartered buses under police escort. Despite the reduced attendance, around 4,000 police were on the streets around the stadium along with 1,600 security personnel.